Purpose, objective and goals of the UN

Convention on Climate Change Environmental Treaty.

Purpose.To combat "dangerous human interference in the climate system."To acknowledging that change in the Earth’s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind.Ultimate objective.Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human) interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
Purpose. To combat "dangerous human interference in the climate system." To acknowledging that change in the Earth’s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind. Ultimate objective. Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. “Adverse effects of climate change” means changes in the physical environment or biota resulting from climate change which have significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience or productivity of natural and managed ecosystems or on the operation of socio-economic systems or on human health and welfare. “Climate change” means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. “Climate system” means the totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere and their interactions. “Emissions” means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time. “Greenhouse gases” means those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. “Regional economic integration organization” means an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region which has competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention or its protocols and has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to the instruments concerned. "Reservoir” means a component or components of the climate system where a greenhouse gas or a precursor of a greenhouse gas is stored. “Sink” means any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. “Source” means any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Aviation emissions are treated in different ways by each regulator! In a recent bulletin the European Civil Aviation Connference (ECAC) Secretariat explained how aviation emissions are addressed differently: UNFCCC - tackles emissions from fuel used in domestic operations COP - Conference of the Parties is provided with all information from all Parties related to implementation, in accordance with Article 12 of UNFCCC. ICAO - oversees international aviation CO2 emissions. Their priorities for 2022 are: 1. innovation, 2. safety and security and; 3. environment. COP/UNFCCC & ICAO consult with these industry representatives:ACI World and, ICCAIA. ICAO high level conference focus for 2022. Conference event: "One Vision for Aviation Recovery, Resilience and Sustainability beyond the Global Pandemic.” Result: Ministerial declaration issued. Intervention plan agreed for:1. role of vaccination in enabling the removal of travel restrictions, and;2. need for sustainable recovery in the broadest sense, a. encompassing economic resilience, b. environmental considerations, in particular; c. climate change given coming political decisions on this subject. Facilitating the strength & resilience of aviation: 1. Improving ICAOs crisis management framework by: 2. agreeing on the interoperability of digital health certificates - seen as a European priority,3. adherence to ICAO CART recommendations, 4. assisting aircraft accident victims and their families, and; 5. supporting accessibility for passengers with disabilities. Demystifying the basics of carbon markets for aviation such as: 1. the mechanisms of carbon trading and offsetting, 2. the curent evolution of carbon pricing, 3. ICAO CORSIA’s compliant CO2 Emission Unit’s projects. This processes is being managed by 59 participants from 30 States and organisations including experts from ECAC’s sister regional organisation, the African Civil Aviation Commission (AFCAC). Climate change risks and adaptation needs for European aviation. Supported by EUROCONTROL and airports from Greece, the Netherlands and Sweden.First ECAC workshop on sustainable aviation fuels.The first ECAC Workshop on Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF), focuses on important international and European developments on SAF policies, including the: 1. ReFuel Aviation regulatory proposal, with inputs from, 2. ACAO, AFCAC, the European Commission, EASA & ECAC States, ICAO and the ECAC Secretariat, IATA, Copenhagen Airport, the World Economic Forum and the International Transport Forum of OECD. 3. Emphasised is being placed on how SAF is an essential element of the aviation industry’s pathway to net-zero carbon aviation in 2050. 4. ECAC Member States are sharing information on SAF at European level covering activities such as: a. the ECAC Capacity-Building Programme for Environment. b. an ad hoc ECAC SAF task group under the aegis of the European Aviation Environment Group (EAEG) – Expanded. c. the best practices and harmonised SAF policies in the Member States. Informationn sharing. 1. Contributes to ECAC technical work.2. Provided by 95 participants from 33 States and 9 organisations.2022 plan. SAF events will be held in 2022 under the ECAC Environment Capacity-Building Programme.

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Surge in demand.

Companies and Organizations reported a surge in private and public entities signing onto climate action commitments in 2020. This occurred after the UN IPCC (the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) declared 2020 to 2029 as the final window to counteract catastrophic climate damage, Having now declared a commitment, the challenge for them is to successfully deliver on their GHG reduction commitments.
Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHGP) provides standards, guidance, tools and training for business and government to measure and manage climate-warming emissions.The GHGP arose when WRI and WBCSD recognized the need for an international standard for corporate GHG accounting and reporting in the late 1990s. Together with large corporate partners such as BP and General Motors, in 1998 WRI published a report called, “Safe Climate, Sound Business.” It identified an action agenda to address climate change that included the need for standardized measurement of GHG emissions.
Similar initiatives were being discussed at WBCSD. In late 1997, WRI senior managers met with WBCSD officials and an agreement was reached to launch an NGO-business partnership to address standardized methods for GHG accounting. WRI and WBCSD convened a core steering group comprised of members from environmental groups (such as WWF, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, The Energy Research Institute) and industry (such as Norsk Hydro, Tokyo Electric, Shell) to guide the multi-stakeholder standard development process.
The first edition of the Corporate Standard, published in 2001, has been updated with additional guidance that clarifies how companies can measure emissions from electricity and other energy purchases, and account for emissions from throughout their value chains. GHG Protocol also developed a suite of calculation tools to assist companies in calculating their greenhouse gas emissions and measure the benefits of climate change mitigation projects.
The Paris Agreement, adopted within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) in December 2015, commits participating all countries to limit global temperature rise, adapt to changes already occurring, and regularly increase efforts over time. GHG Protocol is developing standards, tools and online training that helps countries and cities track progress towards their climate goals.





GHG Protocol supplies the world's most widely used greenhouse gas accounting standards. The standards below are designed to provide a framework for businesses, governments, and other entities to measure and report their greenhouse gas emissions in ways that support their missions and goals. In 2016, 92% of Fortune 500 companies responding to the CDP used GHG Protocol directly or indirectly through a program based on GHG Protocol. It provides the accounting platform for virtually every corporate GHG reporting program in the world. Product StandardThe Product Standard can be used to understand the full life cycle emissions of a product
 and focus efforts on the greatest GHG reduction opportunities. This is the first step towards more sustainable products.
The popularity of GHG Protocol standards is due in part to the widespread stakeholder outreach and consultation that is facilitated by WRI and WBCSD during each standard development project.The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. The global standard for GHG emissions accounting, the quantification and disclosure of carbon emissions from scopes 1 and 2 are required, while the inclusion of scope 3 depends on the specific commitment. Each covers a different scope of emissions:• Scope 1: Direct operational emissions including onsite combustion and mobile sources• Scope 2: Indirect operational emissions from purchased electricity and steam• Scope 3: Emissions from upstream and downstream activities that the organization indirectly impacts in its value chain, which are typically the majority of an organization’s total emissions
Each carbon commitment’s target language also varies from net zero to zero or absolute zero. Net zero indicates carbon neutrality by the target date, whereas zero or absolute zero refers to eliminating all emissions, scopes 1, 2, and 3, without the use of carbon offsets.
Purchasing carbon offsets or credits is a common supplemental strategy to the overall carbon reduction plan, and there are best practices to ensure they have the most impact. When accompanied by longer-term carbon removal credits such as renewable energy credits (RECs), virtual power purchase agreements (VPPA), or biogenic removal projects, offsets are a strong component of decarbonization strategy.
HOW WILL ORGANIZATIONS BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR ACHIEVING THEIR CARBON COMMITMENTS?
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